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1 Moisture In Cotton
The Manchester Chamber of Commerce standard is 7.834 per cent obtained as follows: On exposure to the air 100-lb. of absolutely dry cotton will gain 81/2-lb. therefore, since 1081/2-lb. contains 81/2-lb. of moisture, 100-lb. will contain 7.834 per cent of moisture.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Moisture In Cotton
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2 moisture of cotton
Текстиль: влажность хлопка -
3 moisture of cotton
Англо-русский словарь текстильной промышленности > moisture of cotton
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4 moisture of cotton
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5 moisture of cotton
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6 Moisture Content
Under normal atmospheric conditions, all textile materials retain moisture. The percentage held varies with different textiles. It is determined by weighing a test quantity of material to ascertain the conditioned weight. The material is then dried in a conditioning oven to bone dry weight, whence the percentage moisture content can be calculated from the difference between the bone-dry and the conditioned weights (see moisture in cotton). On removal from the drying oven the material again absorbs moisture, the amount absorbed being termed " regain." The percentage of regain is based upon bone-dry weight as 100 per cent. To dry silk to constant weight, a heat at 130 deg. to 140 deg. C. (266 deg. to 284 deg. F.) is maintained in the conditioning oven. Regain in moisture in silk is 11 per cent when taken out and kept in a room of which the atmospheric condition is controlled at 70 deg. F. and a relative humidity of 65 per cent. -
7 Moco' Cotton
A tree cotton of Brazil. The tree bears cotton for 15 years, and the branches often bend down with the weight of cotton. The cotton ripens all at the same time and after the first picking in July new leaves and bolls are formed if the ground has sufficient moisture, and this second crop is ready in September or October. The local mills spin up to 124's weft from this cotton. It has good colour and a staple 11/8-in, to 11/4-in. -
8 Absorbent Cotton
Raw cotton treated in such a manner with hot chemical solutions that all fats and adulterants are removed and thus producing a clear pure lint which is used for surgical work. It absorbs moisture rapidly, taking up from 18 to 20 times its own weight. This type is better termed "purified cotton", and is quite free from all visible impurities. On combustion, leaves not more than 0.3 per cent of ash. When compressed in the hand, and thrown on water, it rapidly absorbs the water and sinks. The finest grades of cotton are not used for this purpose owing to the fibres being too long. The stock best suited, appears to be the middling grades of Alien Seed, Texas, New Orleans, Mobile and Benders. Care is exetcised to select cotton free from fragments of hulls and other impurities. -
9 Bole-Stained Cotton
A term used to denote brown-coloured layers or semi-layers of cotton that appears in American and East Indian bales. The staining is caused by the seed cotton remaining in the unopened pod until it has become saturated by the rain entering at the partly-opened sutures. This saturation of the fibres by moisture causes the colouring matter from the inner membrane of the pod to permeate the fibres. The colouring is of a red or brown shade, and, being transferred to the seed cotton, gives rise to the term of bole or brown-stained. Bleaching removes the stain.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Bole-Stained Cotton
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10 Green Cotton
A name given to cotton picked in the unripe condition, and met with mostly at the commencement of a season. It contains a large amount of moisture. The spiral twists, characteristic of fully ripe fibres, have not developed, neither has the tubular structure of the fibre collapsed. -
11 Dampness
The natural amount of moisture in cotton is 7.8 per cent. Any higher percentage is excessive moisture. -
12 soil
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13 soil
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14 soil
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15 Cellulose Acetate Textile Fibre
Cellulose Acetate fibre is soft and warm to the handle and absorbs moisture slower than some other types of rayon. It closely resembles real silk. This fibre cannot be dyed with the ordinary cotton colours, thus enabling a designer to utilise this quality for cross-dyed effects. It can be manufactured into very fine yarns. Owing to its softness, it is successfully used for a great variety of dress fabrics and for draping. It is made from cotton or wood-pulp, which is converted into a compound, termed acetyl compound of cellulose. This compound is dissolved in acetone and the solution filtered. The solution is then forced through very fine openings and the filaments coagulated by exposure to warm air. These filaments are brought together to form a thread with the necessary twist.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Cellulose Acetate Textile Fibre
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16 insulation
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17 Felt
BILLIARD CLOTH, or FELTThe finest textile fabric made and is a woollen cloth of the beaver type. The wool is very carefully selected and then spun with great care. Expert weavers operate the looms which weave into cloths the thousands of very fine threads. The cloth is then milled so thoroughly that it is waterproof and capable of resisting the dampest atmosphere. The dye used is such that light has little effect upon it. The best merino wool is used, and when ready for use the cloth has a perfect level face, soft and smooth. Plain weave is used for the best grades and 3-shaft twill for others. Widths from 72-in. to 81-in. Cloth shrinks about 331/3 per cent from reed width to the finished width. An all-cotton billiard cloth is now being made and is meeting with much support. ———————— A wool fabric united without weaving. It is actually a sheet of wool fibre, matted into a substantial texture by the application of heat, moisture and pressure. There are many woven fabrics that are felted so heavily that it is difficult to decide whether they are woven or not, as the threads are so closely interlocked that they cannot be separated, and this fabric is stronger than a carded felt of same weight. The shrinkage of a woven felt fabric may be up to 50 per cent in both width and length. The peculiar property of felt is believed to have been known in early times, and the process of felting was used for the tents of the Tartar, as well as for articles of their clothing. It is difficult to say when felted wool was first used for hats. Hats of felt were worn in England in the Middle Ages. -
18 Macintosh Cloth
A fabric that was named after the inventor. It was produced by cementing together two layers of fine cotton fabric with a solution of caoutchouc in coal naptha, or liquid rubber. The fabrics and the solution are permanently pressed together through wood rollers and the cloth is then thoroughly dried. It is made up into outer garments, aprons, etc., which resist rough wear and are weather and moisture proof. -
19 Nobel, Alfred Bernhard
[br]b. 21 October 1833 Stockholm, Swedend. 10 December 1896 San Remo, Italy[br]Swedish industrialist, inventor of dynamite, founder of the Nobel Prizes.[br]Alfred's father, Immanuel Nobel, builder, industrialist and inventor, encouraged his sons to follow his example of inventiveness. Alfred's education was interrupted when the family moved to St Petersburg, but was continued privately and was followed by a period of travel. He thus acquired a good knowledge of chemistry and became an excellent linguist.During the Crimean War, Nobel worked for his father's firm in supplying war materials. The cancellation of agreements with the Russian Government at the end of the war bankrupted the firm, but Alfred and his brother Immanuel continued their interest in explosives, working on improved methods of making nitroglycerine. In 1863 Nobel patented his first major invention, a detonator that introduced the principle of detonation by shock, by using a small charge of nitroglycerine in a metal cap with detonating or fulminating mercury. Two years later Nobel set up the world's first nitroglycerine factory in an isolated area outside Stockholm. This led to several other plants and improved methods for making and handling the explosive. Yet Nobel remained aware of the dangers of liquid nitroglycerine, and after many experiments he was able in 1867 to take out a patent for dynamite, a safe, solid and pliable form of nitroglycerine, mixed with kieselguhr. At last, nitroglycerine, discovered by Sobrero in 1847, had been transformed into a useful explosive; Nobel began to promote a worldwide industry for its manufacture. Dynamite still had disadvantages, and Nobel continued his researches until, in 1875, he achieved blasting gelatin, a colloidal solution of nitrocellulose (gun cotton) in nitroglycerine. In many ways it proved to be the ideal explosive, more powerful than nitroglycerine alone, less sensitive to shock and resistant to moisture. It was variously called Nobel's Extra Dynamite, blasting gelatin and gelignite. It immediately went into production.Next, Nobel sought a smokeless powder for military purposes, and in 1887 he obtained a nearly smokeless blasting powder using nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose with 10 per cent camphor. Finally, a progressive, smokeless blasting powder was developed in 1896 at his San Remo laboratory.Nobel's interests went beyond explosives into other areas, such as electrochemistry, optics and biology; his patents amounted to 355 in various countries. However, it was the manufacture of explosives that made him a multimillionaire. At his death he left over £2 million, which he willed to funding awards "to those who during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind".[br]Bibliography1875, On Modern Blasting Agents, Glasgow (his only book).Further ReadingH.Schuck et al., 1962, Nobel, the Man and His Prizes, Amsterdam.E.Bergengren, 1962, Alfred Nobel, the Man and His Work, London and New York (includes a supplement on the prizes and the Nobel institution).LRD
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